This 1969 Mustang Mach 1 is a 450-hp restomod that leaves nothing to chance
Sweating the details
09/02/2022
As the 2022 Detroit Autorama was winding down, someone told Craig Cushing he ought to stick around for the awards ceremony. His restomod 1969 Ford Mustang Mach 1 had drawn more than a little attention from the judges and they rewarded it with a first-in-class trophy. "It was a moment of great satisfaction," Craig says. "I’d always wanted an Autorama-worthy car and for the car to win its class during its first time there was absolutely the thrill of a lifetime."
Craig is quick to credit the work of Jim Chatas, who built the car at his Detroit-area shop Motorcity Grind, which specializes in vintage Ford restorations and restomods. The two wouldn’t even have come together for the project, either, if Craig hadn’t been eavesdropping at a restaurant.
"I was having lunch with a co-worker one day and kept getting distracted by the guys at a nearby table, who were talking about Mach 1s, Mustang fastbacks, and things like that," Craig says. "After a while, I couldn’t stand it any longer, and I went over to introduce myself and asked about the cars they were talking about."
One of those strangers was Jim, who was talking shop over his own lunch.
"I told Jim right there that I wanted to build a 1969 Mach 1," Craig says. “He told me that if I found the right car, he was the guy who could do it."
About six months later, Craig found the car. It was an authentic Mach 1, but an H-code (351-2V) car that wasn’t particularly rare or in original condition. He made a deal for the car and, in the pouring rain, hauled it down to Motorcity Grind.
"I knew what I wanted to do with the car," Craig says. "Jim immediately understood what I was looking for, and we really connected about it. When I threw out the budget I thought I wanted to spend on it, he just grinned at me."
Authentic shaker hood scoop funnels air to a Holley Sniper EFI throttle body mounted on the engine like an Autolite 4300 4V on an original 351W engine.
It wasn’t a "No sweat" grin. Not at all. It was a "No freakin’ way" grin. But Jim told Craig to take the car home and disassemble it himself, which would save him a few thousand dollars.
"Jim said, ‘Bring me a roller and we’ll get started,’ and that’s what I did," Craig says. "It became a family project, with my kids and father helping to remove the parts and bag-and-tag them. Everybody got into the project."
It won’t surprise anyone who’s built a car to learn that after the Mustang’s rolling shell returned to Motorcity Grind, the project— and budget —accelerated like a Gapp and Roush Pro Stocker. That was especially true after the car returned from the media blaster.
Well, the remnants of the car that returned, that is. The rear quarters, the taillight panel, and more, disintegrated in a cloud of rust and walnut shells. It was underlying damage that would add even more time and money to the final tab. Even the hood needed to be replaced.
"Prior to media-blasting, the car didn’t look too bad," Jim says. "But our jaws all dropped when we saw the extent of the rust damage. The body needed a ton of work."
While Jim and his crew got to work replacing the corroded sheetmetal and straightening what hadn’t been consumed by the tin worm, Craig focused his attention on tracking down the parts that would elevate the car’s performance, from the chassis and suspension upgrades to the engine.
Modified Windsor engines, with their thin-wall castings, can run warm, especially when stroked, like this 408.
That means a robust cooling system is a must, and this Mustang has it.
"I didn’t want to do a Coyote swap," he says. "I wanted a traditional Ford engine for this vintage car." Sticking with a traditional engine was more economical than shoehorning a Coyote, which requires modifications to eliminate interference with the stock shock towers.
He settled on a 351 Windsor-based 408 stroker crate engine from Wisconsin-based Tri Star Engines. Rated at 450 hp and 500 lb-ft of torque, its ingredients included forged pistons, a hydraulic roller camshaft, and Dart Pro 1 aluminum cylinder heads. It was also topped with a Holley Sniper EFI system that gives the engine a more traditional appearance under the hood.
The engine is backed by a Tremec five-speed transmission, which transfers torque to a 9-inch axle fitted with a Traction Lok limited-slip differential and 3.89 gears. It’s a combination that Craig reports delivers a great balance of on-demand power and highway-cruising comfort.
"With the overdrive, the car drives on the freeway just like any modern vehicle," he says. "And Jim really has the cooling systems for these cars worked out. The gauge never rises above 180 degrees, even in the gridlock of the Woodward Dream Cruise."
That cooling system includes a thick-cored aluminum radiator from Cold-Case Radiators, which is matched with a pair of electric fans collectively worth about 3,300 cfm of airflow.
"These stroker Windsors need a lot of cooling capacity," Jim says. "We’ve had good luck with this setup on other cars. It works very well."
Additionally, the engine exhales through FPA headers that blow into a custom 2.5-inch exhaust system formed and welded by MotoFab.
This Mustang does have a coil-over swap, front and rear, along with a change from the original recirculating ball steering system to a power rack-and-pinion system from UniSteer, but the front suspension upgrade from Street or Track didn’t require shock-tower surgery. The rear suspension, also from Street or Track, is a three-link conversion that swapped the original leaf springs for Bilstein coil-overs.
"In addition to vastly more responsive cornering and good ride comfort characteristics, the coil-over upgrades allowed us to dial-in the car’s stance just where we wanted it, especially in the rear," Jim says. "The car sits perfectly and looks great from every angle."
Rounding out the chassis details is a Street or Track-supplied "big brake" kit, with 14-inch front and 13-inch rear rotors. They nicely fill out the space behind 18-inch Forgeline SP3P aluminum wheels. Nailing the width and offset of the rims was a painstaking process to ensure they fit the wheel openings just right. At the rear, the wheels are 9 inches wide and paired with 275-series Michelin Pilot Sport rubber, filling the wheel openings as much as possible without the need for mini-tubs.
The other big aesthetic considerations for the car were the paintwork and the interior, and they, too, involved plenty of careful considerations. For the exterior color, Craig insisted the car would be blue. Fourteen spray-outs of different shades were tested before Bright Atlantic Blue Metallic was selected. It was used on the New Edge Mustangs circa 1999.
"It’s still a Mustang color, but a more contemporary example," he says. "I think it complements the car’s lines very well."
Those lines are purposely unadorned by aftermarket and custom enhancements, as Craig was adamant about keeping the overall look of the car classic, down to the front and rear spoilers and shaker hood scoop. A few subtle concessions, however, include body-color front and rear bumpers— with the rear bumper tucked up flush with the body —and the addition of tinted taillamps and aftermarket door handles.
Inside, it’s a mix of vintage and contemporary appointments, starting with leather trimmed Recaro seats that were accented with red stripes to mimic the same feature in the original seats. The rear seat was also re-trimmed in leather to match the fronts. That work and more of the cabin’s craftsmanship was handled by SPC Interiors.
One of the more distinguishing features is the replacement of the stock woodgrain appearance on the dashboard and door panels with a more contemporary wood look achieved with hydro-dipping. The results look amazing and truly update the interior while maintaining the decorative spirit of the original trim.
There’s also a custom center console, Dakota Digital gauges — the look and performance of which we’ve extolled with other recent restomod cars we’ve featured— and a custom audio system that Craig personally assembled. It’s centered on a Kenwood Excelon head unit and supported by Herts Millie Legend speakers and amps.
A modern twist on woodgrain décor comes from hydro-dipped versions of the original dashboard. It’s a water-transfer process that involves immersing the parts in a solution that also contains the decorative film.
"I’m an audio-video guy by trade and I wanted a system that would show off how clean and crisp a car audio system could be," he says. "It sounds great for all the right reasons."
It’s also another example of the painstaking attention to detail Craig and Motorcity Grind invested to transform this vintage Mach 1 into a modernized muscle car — one that remains instantly recognizable but has been thoroughly reimagined. Its Windsor power plant delivers 200 horsepower more than the original 351 two-barrel, while the contemporized suspension and overdrive transmission elevate the car’s driving dynamics by several decades.
"It drives amazing," Craig says. "I think it looks even better. It’s exactly the car I wanted."
The 2022 Detroit Autorama judges agreed, awarding Craig and Jim Chatas for sweating the details.
There are some cars that just have ‘the look,’ and for me it’s the 1969 Mustang Mach 1. It has the four headlamps and rear quarter scoops, which the ’70 models didn’t have. It’s the vintage Mustang that really calls to me— it looks fast while it’s sitting still. I plan to drive the wheels off of it, and my young children love it. They think it’s loud, but the smile on the face of my son when we take it out is priceless. The bottom line is that it’s the car I wanted to build for a long, long time, and I think it’s going to be in our family forever.—Craig Cushing
Block type: Ford Windsor-type "small-block" OHV V-8
Displacement: 408-cu.in.
Bore x stroke: 4.030 x 4.000 in
Compression ratio: 9.75:1
Horsepower @ rpm: 450 (rpm unknown)
Torque @ rpm: 500 lb-ft (rpm unknown)
Valvetrain: Hydraulic roller with Scorpion roller rockers and Comp Cams pushrods
Camshaft: 581-in lift, intake/exhaust
Fuel system: Holley Sniper EFI
Lubrication system: Melling oil pump with steel gears
Exhaust system: FPA 1-5/8-in headers and 2.5-in exhaust by MotoFab with Flowmaster mufflers
Type: Tremec TKO 600 five-speed manual
Ratios: 1st/2.87:1 … 2nd/1.89:1 … 3rd/1.28:1 … 4th/1.00:1 … 5th/0.82 … Reverse/2.56:1
Type: Ford 9-inch with limited-slip differential and Strange hardened axles
Ratio: 3.89:1
Type: UniSteer power-assisted rack-and-pinion
Ratio: 12.5:1
Type: Street or Track power-assisted four-wheel disc
Front: 14-in slotted rotors with four-piston calipers
Rear: 13-in slotted rotors with four-piston calipers
Front: Independent with Street or Track coil-over conversion, and anti-sway bar
Rear: Solid axle with Street or Track 3-link location, coil-over shocks and anti-sway bar
Wheels: Forgeline SP3P forged aluminum
Front: 18 x 8 in
Rear: 18 x 9 in
Tires: Michelin Pilot Super Sport
Front: 245/40ZR18
Rear: 275/35ZR18
So…you’re thinking about buying a Mustang, huh? Can we talk? Having the privilege (and curse) of owning nine late model Mustangs that span four generations, I understand. Have a seat, and let’s go for a drive…
I didn’t start out loving Mustangs. In fact, a few days from concluding high school classes my senior year, I was determined to buy an affordable car for college (and tinkering). Only stipulations: it had to be rear wheel drive and V-8 powered. Bonus points for three pedals. I found something a mile from my house that was within my budget (read: clapped out). It was a five-speed 1985 Mustang GT.
Author with his 1985 Ford Mustang GT.Photo: Wes Duenkel
My initial relationship with Mustangs was less of a love affair and more a marriage of convenience. Ever since that first Fox-body GT, Mustangs have repeatedly ticked the boxes of what I like: modest size, V-8 soundtrack, stick shift, and copious customization potential. Familiarity bred comfort. It’s only as I approach thirty years of Mustang ownership that I realize, “Huh, I really LIKE these things.”
It's from this perspective that I’ll share frank advice for novice late model Mustang shoppers.
By “late model,” I’m referring to 1979-current Mustangs. They span five generations and forty-five years: 1979-1993 (3rd generation), 1994-2004 (4th generation), 2005-2014 (5th generation), 2015-2023 (6th generation), and 2024-present (7th generation). Rather than discuss each generation individually, I’ll approach this from an attributes angle: What you’ll like about a Mustang…and what you’re probably going to hate about a Mustang.
(Note: we’re only going to discuss V-8 Mustangs because nobody cares about the others. Change my mind.)
Yeah, it’s subjective. Each Mustang generation has a “vibe.” You want to resist the urge to look back at your parked Mustang, not be embarrassed by it.
Photo: Hemmings Archives
The Fox Mustang styling is kinda polarizing. You love it or hate it. They’re boxy and edgy. As my teenage son’s friend quipped upon viewing his first Fox-body Mustang: “I’m not sure if this car is cool or ugly.” It’s both! If you’re into the Radwood scene, grew up careening down country roads at triple-digit speeds either in (or behind) a 1979-1993 Mustang, it’s going to bring back memories. That’s the point.
Photo: Hemmings Archives
The SN-95-era Mustangs are aesthetically “husky.” While it structurally continued with the same chassis as the Fox, the SN-95 was complete rejection of the previous generation’s hard-edged design. There’s not a straight line on (or in) a 1994-'98 model Mustang. A facelift in 1999 brought some sharp creases back to the exterior sheet metal, but the interior was unchanged. Because the 4th generation continued with the 3rd generation’s underpinnings, SN95s are basically flabby (in both proportions and weight) Fox Mustangs. Wonky proportions notwithstanding, the styling resonates with some owners, and their popularity is starting to tick up.
Photo: Bryan McTaggart
The S197-chassis Mustangs put 1960’s styling on a modern chassis. If you dig retro styling in a modern, roomier, and safer package, a 5th generation Mustang is for you. The 2005-'09 models “got the band back together” with body panels, lighting, and a greenhouse that isn’t just a nod to the 1965 Mustang—it’s a reunion tour. Sure, the guys put on a few pounds over the years, but their teeth are straighter and whiter, and they all stopped drinking. While it’s not the same old hellraiser, there’s a lot to like here. The 2010 Mustang got a facelift that was further updated again in 2013.
Photo: Ford Motor Company
The S550-era Mustangs are the first of the breed to be officially sold worldwide and were designed to resonate with the diverse tastes of global buyers. It’s sleek and athletic. It was so good that its silhouette is visible in worldwide models from BMW and Kia. A 2018 facelift shrunk the schnoz a bit to improve both aerodynamics and aesthetics. It’s a very “safe” design that will likely age well. Where the S197 is an A-10 Warthog, the S550 is an F-16.
Photo: Ford Motor Company
If you want a brand-new pony car straight off of the dealership lot, the S650 is your choice for Mustang. While the S650 is basically a continuation of the S550 chassis (see also: Fox to SN95 chassis), Ford’s stylists took the defeated Camaro as the pony car battle’s war bride, and the seventh-generation Mustang was spawned. Good thing or bad thing? You decide.
If the interior isn’t a noisy, punishing sweatbox…is it still a Mustang? Discuss.
1980 Ford Mustang Ghia interior. Note the flat-faced Fairmont-inspired dashboard and fragile center console.
Photo: Bryan McTaggart
The Fox-body Mustang's ergonomics are notoriously bad. If you’re tall or short, a Fox Mustang is not a fun place to be. Lanky drivers can’t slide the seat back far enough, and short drivers can’t reach the shifter. The steering wheel generally faces the door handle and can’t tilt if it’s an air bag-equipped 1990 and newer model. All the seats are soft and unsupportive by current standards. 1979-1986 models have a boxy dashboard and a wire-thin steering wheel. 1987-1993 models got an updated (and iconic) interior with a surprisingly long dashboard storage tray so your spare change and Blockbuster Video membership card slides around in corners more than the live rear axle. If you don’t know what either of those are, this is only the tip of the iceberg of surprises awaiting uninformed Fox Mustang shoppers.
1987-up Mustangs featured a face-lifted interior. Those cupholders are an aftermarket addition, taking the place of the ashtray.
Photo: Hemmings Archives
No, there ain’t any cupholders for your iced coffee, Karen. But if you’re of average proportions, outward visibility is refreshingly good and the back seats are surprisingly comfortable. There’s even an ashtray back there. The interiors on Fox Mustangs are cosmetically and structurally plastic—most of which is either cracked and broken…or will be soon. A Fox Mustang creaks, rattles, and twists like a pirate ship full of empty spray cans in a windstorm. Speaking of wind: there’s lots of that noise too. And if your Fox Mustang has some type of hole in the roof—be it a sunroof, T-tops, or (thoughts and prayers) a convertible, not all water will stay on the outside. If your Fox Mustang hasn’t had its heater core changed yet, then know that coolant can (and will) leak from there, too.
The SN-95 interior and its 1960s Mustang-inspired "dual cowl" treatment was first previewed on the 1992 Mach III concept car.
Photo: Hemmings Archive
SN-95 Mustangs inherited the weird ergonomics of the Fox generation and added droopy plastic that melts around you like a shop class vacuum forming project. The optional leather seats cracked just looking at them, so don’t be surprised if the seating surfaces look like Clint Eastwood’s face when you trapse across his lawn. (Aftermarket seats go a long way to increasing comfort and aesthetics in one fell swoop.) The 4th generation’s arched greenhouse makes taller drivers even more miserable than they are in a Fox Mustang, with rear headroom suffering the most. The interior is quieter than the Fox, with less wind noise and more sound deadening, which means you can hear more of the interior panels creaking. But hey, at least there are cupholders.
The S197 retained the dual-cowl theme but didn't leave the front passengers feeling claustrophobic. Certain models had adjustable gauge backlighting, allowing drivers to change colors as they pleased.
Photo: Hemmings Archives
The S197 Mustangs silenced many gripes with previous generations. Pre-production focus groups got us a vastly updated interior with a steering wheel that actually faces the driver, a reachable shifter, seats that don’t fall apart, and a roof that accommodates tall people. The standard seats are “meh,” so the optional Recaro seats are a plus. The back seats are sunk down far enough to yield good headroom so your passengers can ponder why they’re sitting atop a live rear axle rather than an independent rear suspension… but I digress. The throwback styling continues with the dual-cockpit dash pad and gauge cluster. The modern engineering and manufacturing techniques yielded massive strides in eliminating interior panel creaks and rattles and you can hold spousal discussion without shouting (at least over the wind and road noise). After you tire of arguing with your spouse, you can do the same with the SYNC system. Don’t worry: SYNC won’t understand you either. At least the cupholders are well-designed.
The S550 Mustang's interior was an evolution of the S197's overall design - clean, functional, and driver-focused.
Photo: Ford Motor Company
S550 Mustangs have a more immersive cockpit over the previous generation, where drivers feel more “in” the car versus “on” it. While it accommodates the driver and front passenger as well as the S197 Mustang, even average-height adults’ heads are squished against the sloping back glass if passengers are banished to the back seats of an S550 Mustang. The center stack has an infotainment system that is less irritating than previous offerings. A digital gauge cluster was optional on later models, which is either cool or gimmicky depending upon your attraction to tech. Again, the optional Recaros are brilliant. Get them if you can. Thick glass, copious sound deadening, and a creak-free instrument panel make the inside of an S550 very quiet pleasant. Aside from contemporary sports-car-style outward visibility, there’s not much average buyers would complain about. Weird.
The S650 enters the modern era with screens. Gauges can be changed, including a late-1980s Fox Mustang-themed design and a 1968 Mustang-inspired layout.
Photo: Ford Motor Company
S650 Mustangs feature a more “driver focused” cockpit with big screens that replace much of the mechanical switch gear. Utility and functionality is debatable. Fortunately, when you start actually driving the thing, it’s very much business as usual from the previous generation S550 Mustang. The greenhouse is a structural carryover, so all that’s good (and bad) with the S550 continues with the S650…including the optional Recaro seats. The park brake handle perseveres, but it’s now connected by wire to electric rear park brake calipers. The result is the park brake handle action is springy and lifeless—unless you use it in “drift brake” mode. Grab those cell phones and step away from the curbs, folks.
Aside from looking at or sitting in a Mustang, the allure of Ford’s pony car is about driving it, right? Strap in... and try not to die.
Courtesy of MotorWeek
These Mustangs drive like 1980’s econoboxes with too much torque, because that's exactly what they are. If you’re expecting blissful performance from a Fox Mustang, prepare to be disappointed. Just remember the famous quote, “Never meet your heroes.” Scores of Mustangs ended their lives (and sadly, the lives of their occupants) wrapped around roadside objects because the drivers didn’t respect the limits of themselves, the cars, or the drivers around them. 1979-1993 Mustangs aren’t bad, it's just that they’ve been hyped up so much that drivers have forgotten how miserable cars were back in the 1980’s. Over-boosted steering, squishy subpar brakes, stiff clutches, schizophrenic handling, harsh ride - this was all typical. And Mustangs were not the worst offenders (I’m looking at you, GM F-body!) A chassis designed for the 55-mile-per-hour speed limit is glaringly out of its element on 70+ miles per hour highway speeds. But getting to the double nickel is a hoot! Squeeze the gas on the five-oh and woah, you’ve buried that speedo needle. Speaking of “woah,” don’t expect the brakes to save you. Most Fox Mustangs only had 11-inch discs on the front and puny drums in the rear. (Cue the Mustang geeks arguing in the comments about the outliers with rear discs.) If things go bad, only 1990-1993 Mustangs have a driver’s side air bag…and it’s unlikely that it still works.
If you’re expecting a Fox Mustang to knock your socks off, that depends upon how rough the pavement is. Some buy a 4th generation Mustang expecting legendary performance and are sorely disappointed. Stock Fox Mustangs barely crack 200 horsepower. With about 3,300 pounds to lug around and plenty of low-end torque to do the lugging, they roast the puny 225mm-wide tires readily. But once the needle gets past 4,000 RPM, it’s a snooze-fest. Doubly so if the 5.0 is mated to an automatic slush box. The popularity of centrifugal supercharging and it’s top-end kick makes sense after driving a bone-stock Mustang five-liter: boost picks up where the factory power curve noses over.
But driving isn’t all about speed, right? Add some Flowmaster mufflers and you’ll sound cool while hustling up the onramp. You’re going to hear it anyway. The windows are rolled down because the air conditioning probably doesn’t work.
Courtesy of MotorWeek
1990s Mustangs drive like mature Fox-body Mustangs, so if you can stomach the styling, SN-95 Mustangs are more enjoyable than a Fox. With more weight comes less noise, vibration, and harshness. The air conditioning might even still work. While the first two years carried over the trusty five-oh pushrod engine, 1996-2004 models featured Ford’s 4.6-liter, overhead cam, modular V-8 engine. Even if the early “mod” motors were disappointments from a horsepower and torque perspective, they certainly are smoother and remain extremely reliable. At least all the bolts were finally metric.
Strides in safety are significant over the Fox Mustang, too. Driver and passenger-side air bags, anti-lock brakes, and optional (and primitive) traction control make SN-95s less lethal.
After leaving niche “high performance” variants to specialists like Saleen, Ford offered an in-house low-volume model: the Mustang Cobra. These Mustangs offer performance and a driving experience that’s significantly better than their GT counterparts in every way. Pricing aside, there’s no reason not to opt for a Cobra over a GT. Each subsequent Cobra offered more performance than the last, especially in the braking department.
The 2003-2004 Mustang Cobra aside, SN95 Mustangs are very slow. Especially if there’s only two pedals. All automatic transmissions in these cars were buzz killers. You can’t expect to win any stoplight duels with an SN95 Mustang, but that doesn’t mean they’re not fun to drive. Sometimes driving a slow car fast is more rewarding than driving a fast car slowly. (At least, that’s my excuse.)
Courtesy of Adam Kriete
The S197 Mustangs weren’t much faster than the outgoing model because the added horsepower and torque was offset with more weight. It wasn’t until the 2011 model where Mustang got the engine it arguably deserved: the five-liter “Coyote” V-8. With over 400 horsepower on tap, the Coyote really transformed the Mustang’s reputation from plucky puppy dog to an outright Doberman Pinscher. Mated with a six-speed manual gearbox, Coyote-powered Mustangs hurt feelings—and tires. Power discrepancies aside, all S197 Mustangs offer a driving experience that’s leaps and bounds ahead of anything before. Credit goes to a modern chassis where engineers weren’t forced to make as many compromises. Even the live rear axle (retained for reasons that remain debatable) was adequately tamed. Ford finally did a thing!
The 2005-2014 Mustang’s steering feels decent, you can skip leg day and still operate the clutch, the shifter knob easily falls in hand, and the V-8 soundtrack remains. The stiff chassis really pays dividends on rough roads: approaching potholes or bridge transitions is not a sphincter-stressing experience. Safety is enhanced with multiple air bags, modern brakes, and extremely effective traction control and anti-lock brakes. If safety is a priority (which it always should be) then I strongly recommend an S197 Mustang. There’s a lot to like. The biggest change (in my mind) was the five-speed automatic transmission doesn’t completely ruin the driving experience with sluggish performance. But get the stick anyway.
Photo: Hemmings Archives
These Mustangs are a joy to drive. Tons of power, responsive chassis responses, fabulous brakes, engaging driving position, and sure-footed handling make the S550 Mustang a go-to recommendation for the casual Mustang owner. It offers the most rewarding driving experience for the average driver partly because it requires the fewest compromises. The S550 Mustang is a highway weapon. My snark switch is turned off because it’s a great car to drive. Steering feedback could be better and the brakes less boosted, but these are a matter of preference rather than failings. The quiet cabin allows the exhaust sound to dominate the driving experience. While the automatic transmission options don’t suck, the manual gearboxes are so good you’re missing out by opting for two pedals. If you’re sitting in the Recaro seats, you’re going to love it even more. Clearer communication from the chassis to your torso transforms the driving experience more than you’d expect.
Photo: Hemmings Archives
Mustangs carry on the theme from the previous generation by retaining much of the same running gear. Steering feel is improved with a shaft that eliminates a rubber isolator. If you close your eyes while driving (not recommended), you’d be hard-pressed to differentiate between the S650 and S550 chassis—and that’s a good thing.
While a Mustang might be great to look at and drive, is it a headache to own and maintain? Is it going to strand you? Yes. No. Maybe.
Photo: Hemmings
Fox Mustangs are old cars by now—and they have old car problems. Fluid leaks (exacerbated by the popularity of synthetic lubricants) are all but guaranteed. “If there ain’t oil under it, there ain’t oil in it.” Valve covers, rear main seals, and oil pan gaskets weep with age. Rubber seals, once supple and compliant, are now shrunken and brittle. 1980’s electronics are also beyond their service life, as many of the components, such as capacitors, are leaking and no longer have their, uh, capacitor-ness. Some of these magic boxes (such as the fuel injection computer) are available rebuilt from the aftermarket—but some (like the air bag diagnostic module) are currently unobtanium. That blinking air bag light is going to be a fact of life. Refrigerant for the air conditioning is no longer available, so reviving the A/C is not easy if you don’t like sweating. Don’t get me wrong: a Fox Mustang can still be a reliable daily driver, but if much of it is original, bring tools. If reaching your destination without turning a wrench as an accomplishment, then a Fox Mustang is for you. But if you (or your wife) is in labor, don’t drive the Fox. Much of the reliability of a Fox Mustang is a function of how it was treated or how much has been replaced or updated. Fortunately, Fox Mustangs are very simple and conventional. You don’t need fancy diagnostic devices or special tools to work on them. If you’re ambitions, crafty, and bored—a Fox Mustang is a great project. However, if you’re not a do-it-yourselfer, a Fox Mustang will keep your mechanic busy and your wallet empty. So unless you like spinning your own wrenches, find something newer.
Photo: Hemmings Archives
Mid-'90s Mustangs are less of an ownership gamble than the previous generation. Through the decade of production the SN-95 Mustang got updated components that brought contemporary reliability. 1996-up OBD-II diagnostics made tracking down basic issues a bit easier, and the modular V-8 engine family (also in 1996-up models) reduced fluid leaks. Air conditioning did away with the old freon refrigerant and is more serviceable. However, the large physical size of the modular V-8s makes servicing anything out of arm’s reach challenging. Be prepared to cuss... a lot. Years of ethanol-spiked fuels have taken their toll on these early fuel systems, so failed fuel pumps are common. With Fox and SN-95 Mustangs, mileage is less of a factor than outright age. Speaking of mileage: if a prospective SN-95 Mustang has a mechanical odometer (1994-1998), don’t trust what it says. The gears on these units often disintegrated years ago, and the odometers no longer track miles. Wonderful.
Photo: Hemmings Archives
These Mustangs are less “classic cars” and more “used cars” at the moment. With this generation, milage is a larger factor over outright age. If a 2005-2010 three-valve V-8 Mustang is making noise, chances are it’s the timing components. It’s a common issue, and replacement parts are plentiful. When test driving an S197 Mustang, typical used car buying logic applies: if your senses suggest something doesn’t look, feel, sound, or smell right, have it checked out or find a better Mustang. The S197 chassis is the roomiest of the modern generations, so working on a 2005-2014 Mustang is a breeze. Modern assembly techniques focused on speed and cost mean fasteners are few and easily accessible. The aftermarket is awash in parts for these cars, making the S197 Mustang is also a great “first Mustang project.” You’re going to spend less time fixing broken stuff and more time making the Mustang faster or louder (and maybe both)!
Photo: Hemmings Archives
Mustangs are more sophisticated and confined than the previous generation, but everything is in the same spot and is built similarly. The biggest departure chassis-wise is the independent rear suspension (IRS). It’s significantly more complex than the live rear axle—good thing the IRS is robust. The S550’s engine compartment is more confined than the S197’s, but if you have small hands or patience, it’s not too bad. Fluid connections are mostly a click-together affair, so that’s a plus. S550 Mustangs are young and plentiful, meaning finding one that’s clean and straight is not difficult. Effort in pre-purchase inspection will yield dividends in service and reliability for years to come.
2024-current “S650” Mustangs are new and under warranty. Enough said.
Photo: Hemmings
Spanning 45 years, "late model" Mustangs have something for everyone. If you’re a crafty do-it-yourselfer, want people to chat you up at stoplights, and don’t care if something breaks along the way…shopping for a 1979-1993 Mustang is for you. If you’ll take flabby styling in exchange for a slightly more refined driving experience, enhanced reliability, and a classic soundtrack…consider a 1994-2004 Mustang. Looking for a great project car with retro aesthetics but modern performance that won’t strand you or break the bank? A 2005-2014 Mustang is on your list. If you’re new to Mustang ownership, want to drive it daily and experience what makes the internal combustion V-8 engine the greatest mechanical contraption in human history…find a 2015-2023 Mustang. If you want a new Mustang because it’s, well, new: the 2024 Mustang is it.
Glad we had this chat. Welcome to the Mustang cult.
RPO Z06 Makes the New-For-’63 Chevrolet Corvette Sting Ray Race Ready and Extremely Valuable
Due to changing external forces, General Motors had a fickle relationship with factory-backed racing in the 1950s and 1960s, and the corporation was ostensibly keeping motorsports at arm’s length when the second-generation Corvette was nearing its debut. This didn’t stop the engineers behind Chevrolet’s sports car from designing and building the specialty parts the new Sting Ray would need to establish dominance in competition. The Regular Production Option code Z06 was selected for 199 coupes, and surviving examples of that limited production run are considered the most coveted and valuable road-legal 1963 Corvettes in existence.
Regardless of what the official GM policy on racing was at the time, the Corvette team had long been actively encouraging motorsports and the glory that brought to this model and Chevrolet as a whole. Privateers who wanted to compete in their 1962 roadsters could specify RPO 687 to gain heavy-duty suspension and braking components, as well as a quicker steering ratio and 37-gallon fuel tank; ticking the RPO 582 box brought a 360-horsepower 327-cu.in. V-8 topped with Rochester mechanical fuel injection. Versions of these special upgrades would have a place in the new-for-’63 Sting Ray as well, for a time similarly bundled under RPO Z06, a.k.a. “Special Performance Equipment.”
Selecting this, a racing hopeful had to lay out a not-insubstantial $1,818.45 ($18,110 in today’s money) atop the $4,038 (circa $40,210) MSRP of a 1963 Corvette coupe that was also optioned with the L84 fuel-injected 360-hp V-8 ($430.40, or $4,285), four-speed manual transmission ($188.30, or $1,875), and Positraction limited-slip differential ($43.05, or $429). Later in the year, Chevrolet lowered the Z06 package cost to $1,293.56 ($12,880) by making the initially included cast-aluminum knock-off wheels and 36.5-gallon fuel tank —RPO P48 and N03—into standalone options. Even in its most basic form, a Z06-equipped 1963 Sting Ray was an expensive car.
And it has always been one, especially from the mid-2000s when retail book values shot up exponentially. Classic.com has been tracking the values of many variants of Chevy’s sports car for the past five years, and non-Z06-equipped 1963 models now sell at auction for an average sum just under $160,000. The Z06 variant is a special case, and although the website currently considers the ’63 Corvette Z06 to be a declining market benchmark at $510,165, it has hardly reached bargain-basement status—the current average public-sale price as of press time is $531,154. Thirteen Z06s have sold at auction since August 2019, with the least expensive being a coupe that changed hands via Mecum in Houston for $235,000 in April 2023, and the priciest being a sub-5,400-mile original that commanded $1,242,500 (the pre-sale estimate was $750,000-$900,000) at Gooding & Company’s Amelia Island event in March 2022. These figures handily outstrip current retail book values that range between $219,000 and $447,500.